It depends on your jam chuck. If the chuck is a good fit and quite tight, it will transfer all the rotational force you need, and then the tail stock really only has to make sure it stays centered. In that case double-sided tape will do the trick (or maybe nothing at all, just a little pressure).
If the jam chuck is relatively loose, and therefore the tail stock needs to press the work piece in to provide the necessary friction AND make sure it doesn't wander off, then you might want to look at hot glue. When removing the glued on block, first heat it up, until you can pull the waste block off, then let the glue cool down until you can easily touch it (no more than 50 degrees Celsius, then peel it off. That way it has less of a tendency to leave residue behind.
How big is the dent? If it's a small one, you might be able to carefully remove the finish, put a little water on, and wait for the wood to swell, then sand back into shape and seal again.